In southern Europe, all major parts of C. pycnocephalus plants are damaged by one or more insect species, whereas in southern California the thistles are relatively free of insect damage. Without management it cannot be eliminated and may completely carpet the site. 1979). Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. [2] Without management it cannot be eliminated and may completely carpet the site. Italian plumeless thistle, compact-headed thistle, Italian thistle, University of Alaska Anchorage, Alaska Natural Heritage Program, Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board, http://wiki.bugwood.org/index.php?title=Carduus_pycnocephalus&oldid=49872, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the University of Georgia, This page was last modified 15:09, 18 December 2013 by. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. Utilizing double quotes for exact terms can narrow your search results. Year Listed: 1991 If there is reasonable ground cover during the late summer and autumn the thistle will not invade a site, but it will come in following overgrazing or creation of fire breaks (Parsons 1973). Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. More information can be found by downloading our Written Findings. Gard.,107(2):1154-1565,2008, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021yx), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CAPY2. Since it is a nonselective herbicide, it must be carefully applied. Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. The seeds start to germinate in the fall with the first effective rain. Chem Biodivers. A significant amount of seed can be produced even if thistles are constantly mowed at 8 cm (Tasmanian Department of Agriculture 1977). (2019) identified these plants at Turkish thistle, Carduus cinereus. Site by, Weed biological control agents approved for California, Taking to the air to locate, prioritize and treat effectively, Tackling invasive plants on California Sept. of Fish & Game lands, Lessons from the front: Taking stock to avoid surprises, California Exotic Pest Plant Council draft list exotic plants of greatest concern October 1993. 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). [web application]. [11] Puccinia cardui-pycnocephali is a species of rust (fungus) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus. University of California Press, Berkeley. The necessity for constant monitoring is all the more important given this weed's potentially long seed dormancy period (to 8 years). other members of the genus Carduus such as C. pycnocephalus have been reported to have potent antiinflammatory activity (Conforti et al., 2009). The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). 2,4-D is available in ester, amine, emulsifiable acid, and low volatile ester formulations. C. pycnocephalus has been rapidly spreading on rangelands previously dominated by alien annual grasses (Evans et al. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. However, caution must be exercised when using these products, and their use is not always appropriate, especially near water surfaces and other sensitive natural habitats. densiflora (Viv.) High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent.[2]. The primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California. The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). Italian thistle grows in dry, open area such as pastures, rangeland, right-of-ways, and waste areas. Unfortunately, half of the identified species of insects found feeding on C. pycnocephalus in southern California are also pests of cultivated plants, thus not good choices for biocontrol. 1979). Element Stewardship Abstract; Don Pitcher, Mary J. Russo (revision), 1986. Ready-to-Use Nutraceutical Formulations from Edible and Waste Organs of Algerian Artichokes. 1986. pycnocephalus Carduus tenuiflorus var. q\7B 4` Fq 4^Fb1304Z0C!Hc#Id IRiTRD) %B)HeALL le-yHEsqAr*m of Agriculture and caused significant damage to the reproductive structures of the Italian thistle have not been utilized, due to concerns about possible predation of California's native thistle species. A common name search of Northwestern Sedge matches 'Northwestern Sedge' and 'Northwestern Showy Sedge'. Hand pulling, cultivation, and grazing are all effective control measures. ), 2006-2023 California Invasive Plant Council. Herbicides can be applied uniformly over an area (for large infestations) or by spot spraying only the individual plants. Selective weed oils: There are several petroleum oils used for weed control. Monitoring is needed to determine the effectiveness of any C. pycnocephalus control measures. In field situations, the added hardship of intra- and interspecific competition may cause a greater effect on thistle populations. Carduus tenuiflorus Carduus acanthoide Carduus pycnocephalus Carduus nutans 1 of 4 2013 Vyhledejte jednodue svj distel obrzek mezi miliony krsnch fotografi, snmk a vektor ve vysok kvalit. For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). MECHANICAL CONTROL. See our postcardfor early detection information about Italian and slenderflower thistle. Nyman, Carduus pycnocephalus L., Carduus cephalanthus Viv.) GERMINATION AND GROWTH. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. To control by cutting, use a sharpened shovel at the top of the root crown. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the These species are Psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus. High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). Additional research needs to be conducted on insects that can be used to control C. pycnocephalus and on the potential impact of these insects upon endangered native Cirsium species (Kok et al. 2016;30(8):920-5. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1079189. The distance that seeds can be spread by wind is not known, but it is at least several hundred meters. It is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California. Common names Italian plumeless thistle in . The fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus (Batra et al. See our Written Findingsfor more information about Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus), Clark County NWCB Fact Sheeton Italian Thistle, 1111 Washington Street SE According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. subsp. C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. General information about Carduus pycnocephalus (CRUPY) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. The distance that seeds can be spread by wind is not known, but it is at least several hundred meters. For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. Certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa (Bolt et al. Encyclopedia of Puget Sound is published by the Puget Sound Institute at the UW Tacoma Center for Urban Waters. %PDF-1.6 % All three species are unknown as artichoke or safflower pests, apparently only reproduce on Cadruinae, cause injury to vital plant parts at a critical growth stage of their host-plant (and thus appear capable of influencing the reproductive potential of C. pycnocephalus), and occur over a relatively wide geographic area. "Larvae thought to be Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus were recovered from mines in crowns of C. pycnocephalus rosettes in central Italy, though only adults were positively identified as fairly consistent associates of this plant. After their introduction to See Canyon in southern California, the weevil destroyed 90% of the achenes and infested 91% of the capitula; however, the population of C. pycnocephalus did not decline (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Since it is a nonselective herbicide, it must be carefully applied. This usually forces a massive germination of thistles that can be destroyed during cultivation (Wheatley and Collett 1981). 463 0 obj <>stream Thistles will invade basalt soils earlier than granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils (Wheatley and Collett 1981). Communities: weed, characteristic of disturbed places, Search efloras.org (Flora of North America). Cal-IPCCalifornia Invasive Plant Council species treatment: Mattole Restoration Council: Italian Thistle (, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carduus_pycnocephalus&oldid=1076346843, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 March 2022, at 17:14. 1982). University of Turin Instituional Repository AperTO. (Goeden and Ricker 1978). The current research aims to . It is a host species for the introduced weevil, Rhinocilus conicus, which also attacks native thistles. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. In California, more than 40 species of indigenous or introduced phytophagous insects have adopted this alien weed as an alternate food-plant, at least 15 of which also find it a suitable reproduc- tive host. Control of C. pycnocephalus requires active management once it becomes established in an area. .4-.6 in (1-1.4cm) long, and the fruits are brown to gold, with a bristly, minutely barbed pappus. Olympia, WA 98504-2560. Even with freezing temperatures during the daily cold period, germination was optimum if warm-period temperatures were from 5 to 20 C (Evans et al. Syst. Leaf: basal 10--15 cm, 4--10-lobed; cauline +- tomentose. Careers. were analyzed and characterized by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and PCR-RFLP of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. Mowing or slashing is not always reliable because the plant can regrow from the base and produce seeds very quickly. We suggest you upgrade to a modern browser. Comments: It displaces desirable forage or cover plants, but more commonly colonizes disturbed habitats where interspecific competition is less intense (Goeden 1974). (You can unsubscribe anytime. Wb p GERMINATION AND GROWTH Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. Fl. According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species. (2005) have reported the presence Seeds of C. pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination (within 2 weeks) at optimum temperatures (Evans et al. It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. For this method to be successful, the autumn grazing break is necessary so that vigorous growth of other plants is allowed to occur, forcing the thistles to grow tall and tender. It prefers soils of high fertility, and its seedlings establish best on bare or disturbed sites (Wheatley 1971, Parsons 1973). Only 2-3 weeks should be required for control. C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. Prior to using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals are legal to use in a given situation. Stem: 2--20 dm, glabrous or slightly woolly, narrowly spiny-winged. The blanketing effect of overwintering rosettes can severely reduce the establishment of other plants, as the leaves of the rosette can become erect in dense stands (Parsons 1973). The combination of the two techniques discriminates the four species within the genus, giving further information on these little-investigated plants, traditionally used in the Mediterranean area and in Sardinia. N5D#uD0qBsOb^g Seeds buried 1.3 cm deep show the highest percentage emergence, whereas 20 to 25% of seeds buried 5 to 10 cm deep remain dormant. Bendall (1974) found that 85% of Carduus pycnocephalus seeds produce germination inhibitors, but they are readily leached. The .gov means its official. Several recent studies (Kok 1980, Trumble and Kok 1980a, 1980b) have shown that the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus is not adversely affected by field applications of 2,4-D. Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. 1974. 0 Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). 1972) and in 1973 to control C. pycnocephalus in southern California (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). 2,4-D does not affect grasses. [5][10], Biological control agents have limited success with Carduus pycnocephalus. Plants grow up to 20 dm, are often slightly woolly, and narrowly winged along stems and spined. GRAZING, Grazing by sheep, goats, and horses can be effective in control- ling thistles, but cattle are of little value (Parsons 1973). Carduus pycnocephalus is present on both the Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California, with Ring Mountain having the most significant infestation. Leaves green and nearly hairless above and have cobwebby hairs below. C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. It displaces desirable forage or cover plants, but more commonly colonizes disturbed habitats where interspecific competition is less intense (Goeden 1974). This is the profile for the plant - Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. 1980). Dr. McHenry recommends using a flat-fan nozzle (Spraying Systems Co. #8003 or 8004 nozzle tip) rather than the cone nozzles available on most garden sprayers. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle, is a species of thistle. Most contact oils evaporate slowly and owe their plant toxicity to their high content of aromatic compounds. Management Research Needs: A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. UFRGS,1-132,2020, Karlsson (2004-03-18 23:00:00) Frteckning ver svenska krlvxter, Monogr. Carduus pycnocephalus L, which is related to the Astraceae family, was well-known as a privileged medicinal plant that has innumerable respected biological potency. The weevil was released on infestations of Italian and slender-flower thistles at 16 sites in 11 counties in northern California during 1975-77 with establishment at most of the sites (Hawkes et al. 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. The plant grows in a rosettes of 10-14 inches (25-36 cm) in diameter, with four to ten lobed basal leaves that are 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) long. On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). Introduction. synonym auct. It is prohibited to transport, buy, sell, offer for sale, or distribute plants or plant parts of quarantined species into or within the state of Washington or to sell, offer for sale, or distribute seed packets of seed, flower seed blends, or wildflower mixes of quarantined species into or within the state of Washington. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal and transmitted securely. After 48 h of incubation the most antiproliferative plant extract was Cynara cardunculus ssp. carduus Carduus pycnocephalus var.