The harsh reality of the pandemic has given rise to political competition with characteristics not seen before, sounding the alarm for future bilateral relations. For example, a 2015 survey found that 81% of them trade at least once a month, even though frequent trading is invariably a way to destroy rather than create long-term fund value. The Chinese can see this as crass and boastful, while in the United States, humility can be regarded as a sign of weakness. What are the dangers in Americas continued demonization of China? China on the other hand practice totalitarianism and collectivism which is the opposite of democracy. There are major differences in the political views of people from different nations.. eligion is another topic that creates differences among cultures.. One thing hasnt changed, though: Many Western politicians and business executives still dont get China. Chinas rapid economic growth is the result of its embrace of a market economy and private enterprise. The paper also highlighted citizen engagement in both countries, either through direct elections in the USA or through the CCP controlled nominations in China. China is also often at pains to suggest to foreign governments or investors that it is similar to the West in many aspectsconsumer lifestyles, leisure travel, and a high demand for tertiary education. Since China is a communist and one-party state, citizen engagement is lower in comparison to democratic states. Losing the China market will be costly for American tech companies and deprive them of funds for further R&D. At every point since 1949 the Chinese Communist Party has been central to the institutions, society, and daily experiences that shape the Chinese people. (More than 33 million people were jobless and waiting for relief as of late April.) Would you like to get this essay by email? The White Houses China-bashing is more about a fight for self-identification than about exonerating the Trump administration. Diversity is naturally occurring, whether it be among ethnicities, religions, governing systems or whatever else. they are digging deep to create the city's first metro system and doing so in just five years' time . China has stolen American jobs, the thinking goes, so we oppose China. What has caused the frequent conflicts between the two countries? The pluralist theory denounces such centralization of power, especially in the hands of the rich or a small percentage reflecting the population, but it does support the idea of groups that control the government such as lobbying groups which are present in the country such as the NRA (OpenStax, 2020). If a business is successful, its usually open to taking outside capital so that it can quickly expand nationwide. They make three plausible but false assumptions: Democracy is an inevitable consequence of economic development; authoritarian regimes are never seen as legitimate; and the Chinese think, behave, and invest much like anyone in the West. She was a Red Guard as a teenager, screaming adoration for Chairman Mao while her parents were being re-educated for being educated. Therefore, a country's political system can be assessed effectively by using aspects such as collectivism or individualism and totalitarianism or democracy. It continues apace. This paper analyzed the different political structures of both countries and highlighted the stark differences between a democratic state and a communist state, but the analysis also provided one similarity, which was the elitist government structure that existed in both political structures. Had she been born in 1955 in almost any other major economy in the world, her life would have been much, much more predictable. While hierarchy and equality may appear to the post-Enlightenment West to be antithetical concepts, in China they remain inherently complementary. When we first traveled to China, in the early 1990s, it was very different from what we see today. A Shanghai journalist is paid by her state-controlled magazine to fly around the world for stories on global lifestyle trends. And with handy apps such as Xuexi Qiangguo (Study the powerful nation and a pun on Study Xi) to teach the basics of thinkers including Marx, Lenin, Mao, and Xi Jinping, political education is now a 21st-century business. Weijian Shan understands the delicate U.S.-China dynamic as well as anyone. No personal data is being tracked. Lets be honest: A rising China may be a threat to Americas economic and technological supremacy, but not to its national security, because China doesnt export its ideology or political system and doesnt seek regime change anywhere in the world. This paper will compare two great countries the United States and China by looking in details how and why their legal and political systems differ, explain what determines the level of economic development in each country. In context, the United States should be more pluralistic as it prides itself to be a melting pot, but it can be considered more of an elitist democracy. In 2020 China had more billionaires than the U.S. did, and it outpaces the U.S. three to one in minting them. One example is the reinvention in the late 2010s of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. Additionally, before starting a business internationally, it is important to consider additional factors that the law systems of that country do not consider since failure to do so can result in loss of profit. In terms of political system, China is unique to all other countries in the world since up to date it is still run by a Communist party (Nolan, 2012). Investors anywhere should invest in a socially responsible way to advance human rights, adhering to a high standard for labor practices, gender equality, investment in human capital, and charitable contributions. Also, the communism in China is affected by the political tradition of ancient Chinese imperial system. One reason that many people misread Chinas trajectory may be thatparticularly in the English-language promotional materials the Chinese use overseasthe country tends to portray itself as a variation on a liberal state, and therefore more trustworthy. Thats not likely, precisely because in Chinas particular brand of authoritarianism, control is key. When life is (or has been within living memory) unpredictable, people tend to apply a higher discount rate to potential long-term outcomes than to short-term onesand a rate materially higher than the one applied by people living in more-stable societies. Some manufacturing has been relocated away from China since the trade war with the U.S. began in 2018, but that hasnt made a dent in either Chinas exports or Americas trade deficit. Collectivism means that the needs of an individual are not emphasized as compared to those of the society and not until recently, most rights of Chinese citizens were not realized. By 2008 she was making the most of the rise in disposable incomes by buying new consumer goods that her parents could only have dreamt about. Eligible voters are chosen through a register for rural and urban voters to make the process easier, and smaller elections have a number of 200 to 300 voters while the larger level can have up to 1000 voters. Thats why China is the most active private-equity market in Asia. The point is that a China-based supply chain has proved a blessing, not a curse, in this pandemic. This approach is counterproductive and has generated immense resentment against the U.S. across the world. The country will need to continue to reform and privatize its state-owned firmsand shift from investment to private consumptionor it will not be able to sustain its growth. The top diplomat also condemned the U.S.'s description of his country as "authoritarian" simply because its democracy is different than America's. The truth, then, is that China is not an authoritarian state seeking to become more liberal but an authoritarian state seeking to become more successfulpolitically as well as economically. As a result, economic growth came in tandem with social progress (through, for example, legislation protecting individual choice and minority rights), which made it easy to imagine that they were two sides of a coin. Retrieved from https://proessays.net/essays/economic-and-political-differences-china-vs-united-states. However, as the world is constantly moving towards a market-based system, the country had to switch to this system that allowed it to increase economic and still maintain its communist status. Consequently, the freedom of running businesses without much obstacles leads to an increase in modernization and innovation increase and the country realizes better economic growth. ProEssays website, please click below to request its removal: Liked this essay sample but need an original one? Accept that economic development in China will not inevitably lead to democracy; acknowledge that the Chinese regard their government as both legitimate and effective; and recognize that while Chinese consumers have short-term horizons, their rulers are focused on the countrys long-term security. PAG invested about $100 million in a digital music business in China a few years back which subsequently merged with a similar business and changed its name to Tencent Music Entertainment. The only obligation they have is to follow the law that in most cases is straightforward. The main difference between Chinese and US politics is the political ideologies, and one is founded on a democratic yet capitalist system while the other has been led through decades on a Communist and one-party system. However, in recent times China has overtaken the US by at least one measure of total economic strength, which is GDP based on purchasing power parity (PPP). Eventually he came to the United States, where he earned a masters and a PhD at UC Berkeley, worked for the World Bank and J.P. Morgan, and taught at the Wharton School. Amid the unprecedented challenge of COVID-19, clear differences have emerged between the Chinese and American responses. Does the U.S. even have the power to hurt China economically? A Chinese professor who has lived in both the US and China believes there is a core cultural difference leading to the country's diverging paths. Hence the public debt as a percentage of GDP is higher for the U.S. relative to China and the. However, the country does have branches of government that also include the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government. 10. Business in the United States moves at a different pace from China. Lets imagine the personal history of a Chinese woman who is 65 today. After all, each is the others largest trading partner, and China has lent more than $1 trillion to the U.S. government by holding U.S. Treasury bills. However, it is important to compare and contrast countries to see which policies are working in the best way and what can be changed. This clear disconnect is attributable to the so-called "culture war" that's spiraled out of control over the past year and has led to profound changes in American society since then. The task, in both China and the West, is to reduce the gap between the ideal of basic human rights and the reality. Western systems are . It is important to understand the background of the political systems in both China and the United States in order to compare both, especially the theoretical system of governance they follow, whether a pluralist or oligarchical system. GM sells more cars in China than in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico combined. Bidens proposals have been criticized as new wine in old bottles, and a kind of tinkering; Trump is regarded by Henry Kissinger as marking the end of an old era. But because human beings tend to believe that other humans make decisions as they do, this may be the most difficult assumption for Westerners to overcome. Sage. The Chinese government is, however, much easier to decipher since it is a communist one-party state that is also led by elites even though it goes against the very grain of communism. In fact, China is the only G20 country to have posted positive growth. This is the best approach for one to have and ensures that its partnerships remain everlasting. That has political implications, of coursefor example, that the public ownership of assets is necessary to ensure an equal distribution of wealthbut the economic outcomes are the focus. Nations without better access to such facilities depend on their agriculture and natural resources to enhance economic growth. China's political system encourages parties, organizations, and representatives from various circles of Chinese society to discuss basic policy as well as important political, economic, cultural and social issues. But this argument overlooks some fundamental differences between China and the United States, Japan, Britain, Germany, and France. That leaves much room for growth and many opportunities for investors, particularly in businesses that cater to consumers. A major turning point was the financial crisis of 2008, which in Chinese eyes revealed the hollowness of the Washington consensus that democratization and economic success were linked. U.S. self-identification has been shaken under these circumstances. Accelerate your career with Harvard ManageMentor. Consequently, inequality is greater in China than in the United States, measured by the Gini coefficient. Decisionsby both individuals and the stateabout how to invest all serve one purpose: to provide security and stability in an unpredictable world. There are, however, other forms of citizen engagement at a more local level when electing a township government, which can be done through public recommendation or public nomination ( (Cheng), 2011). The old imperial bureaucracy helps modern Chinese to make the government started on more efficient point to absorb interest than any other countries (King, F. J., The United States and China Fourth Edition, 1979, Although many in the West may believe that China sees only opportunity in its 21st-century global plans, its motivation is very different. Part of the systems legitimacy in the eyes of the Chinese is, again, rooted in history: China has often had to fight off invaders and, as is rarely acknowledged in the West, fought essentially alone against Japan from 1937 until 1941, when the U.S. entered World War II. What are the biggest risks for Chinas economy in the coming years? The economy has grown 36-fold over the past three decades, chiefly because of market-oriented reforms that have created a vibrant private sector, which now accounts for about two-thirds of Chinas GDP. In our work we have come to see that people in both business and politics often cling to three widely shared but essentially false assumptions about modern China. Photo by Charles Clegg [CC BY-SA 2.0] Capitalism's global victory has been achieved through two different types of capitalist systems: the liberal meritocratic capitalism that has developed incrementally in the West, and the state-led authoritarian capitalism that is exemplified by China. In China, the legal system "is based on civil laws" (Nolan, 2012). Meanwhile, American consumers have paid for the higher tariffs, because the average prices of Chinese exports havent decreased. We are using Google Analytics to enhance your experience. This observation makes one wonder whether the Democrats are exploiting well-intended pro-diversity causes at home as part of a power struggle against Republicans. Nevertheless, these changes do not seem to stand any chance of influencing its foreign policymakers, who remain convinced of their system's superiority relative to all others. - Quora Answer (1 of 17): Americans hold the individual in the highest regard, whereas Chinese hold the community in the highest regard. The primary contrast between China and the U.S. is that the former supports political diversity while the latter aggressively imposes its envisioned political conformity upon all others. But its also conspicuously different: The concept of U.S. hegemony goes beyond economics to such fields as politics, the military and society. Its stated purpose was to reduce Americas trade deficit. Yet as soon as that ideological cover is removed, internal contradictions immediately reveal themselves. Exploding unemployment exposed the wide wealth gap in U.S. society. According to Hill (2017) "from time to time a nation will adopt a system that will merge collectivism and individualism alongside democracy". After all, if it genuinely believed in the merits of diversity at home, it wouldn't try to snuff out political diversity abroad. Even though both countries are different in every way, they are still recognized as each others competition in the International Arena. Springer. Access more than 40 courses trusted by Fortune 500 companies. Under the pressure of aggregated economic inequality brought by globalization, and the army of unemployed people already displaced by new technologies, the U.S. government faces severe structural constraints under the present model of state-market and state-society interactions. There are two political theories that are needed in the discussion, the elite and the pluralist theory. The Incarcerated Vote. Chinas saving rate will drop significantly as its population ages, and investment will slow. A median of 41% across the 14 EU member nations surveyed name China, compared with a median of 39% who say the same about the United States. Lobbying groups have more of an influence on the government of the United States than the citizens themselves, which creates the question if the US is more pluralist or elitist, and the matter of the fact is that the US is not really a representative republic but rather a pluralist oligarchy. Thus July 2020 polling data from the Ash Center at Harvards Kennedy School of Government revealed 95% satisfaction with the Beijing government among Chinese citizens. The executive branch of the government holds the highest position of head of state and the cabinet as well, which is appointed by the National Peoples Congress. Educated in the United States, he worked for the World Bank and J.P. Morgan and taught at the Wharton School. Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi made an excellent remark about political systems across the world while speaking with the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations last week. China and the United States are one of the strongest economies in the world, and both nations are considered superpowers and have contributed significantly to global politics and culture. Political credibility and economic development. 55-64). China, meanwhile, doesn't apply any such double standards. Many Westerners assume that China is on the same development trajectory that Japan, Britain, Germany, and France embarked on in the immediate aftermath of World War IIthe only difference being that the Chinese started much later than other Asian economies, such as South Korea and Malaysia, after a 40-year Maoist detour. Conversely, the US law system basis its law from cases held previously and judges uses this as an example when determining most cases that are similar to the present one. Both countries have human rights issues, although in different forms. Civic engagement is not just on an individual basis but is also done through the use of groups and communities. The authors suggest that those assumptions are rooted in three essentially false beliefs about modern China: (1) Economics and democracy are two sides of the same coin; (2) authoritarian political systems cant be legitimate; and (3) the Chinese live, work, and invest like Westerners. Unlike China, the U.S. spends more than 50% above its annual revenues leading to high deficits. Chinas history continues to color its view of international relationsand in large part explains its current obsession with the inviolability of its sovereignty. But defaults and bankruptcies are common in a market economy. In this view, Trump wont necessarily lose if he fails to bring the pandemic under control; but if he fails to save the U.S. economy, his fate is sealed. China's Transition from Socialism? Only a sudden surge of such events would herald an economic crisis. Where can it move its production if the target market is China? China is still in the process of building a social safety net that is largely undefined and underfunded, and it has no tax on personal capital gains. And only the U.S. can threaten Americas economic supremacyby underinvesting in its own infrastructure and by limiting trade. New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. Which serves U.S. interests better, a free and democratic China, or an authoritarian China that identifies with U.S. leadership? By 2020 she was intent on seeing her seven-year-old grandson and infant granddaughter (a second child had only recently become legal) do well. For individuals, whove lived through harsh times they could not control, the reaction is to make some key choices in a much more short-term way than Westerners do. American companies will do so only if U.S. tariffs become more penalizing than moving would be. The differences in the political orders of China and the United States are "irreconcilable", making it difficult to keep relations between the two countries on a stable track, a leading. The Communist Party of China (CPC) harbors no supremacist beliefs and doesn't plan to export its governing model abroad. Weijian Shan was born in China and had his life upended by the Cultural Revolution. A. 9. Not completely and not without very high costs. The space for the two sides to compromise and collaborate has narrowed extremely rapidly. The vehicles for much of this investment are still the CCPs Soviet-style five-year plans, which include the development of what Xi has termed an eco-civilization built around solar energy technology, smart cities, and high-density, energy-efficient housing. Second, the economic structure is different. The United States is famous for being ethnically and religiously diverse, but most of the branches of the government are made up of Christian and White males who have come from affluent backgrounds and studied from elite universities such as the Ivy Leagues. Between 1990 and 2009, investment from China to all of Latin America was about $7 billion. The president controls the army. China vs. United States Government Definitions Administrative divisions : This entry generally gives the numbers, designatory terms, and first-order administrative divisions as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN). It is also the duty of the representative republic to inform its citizens of their rights, and the candidacy for the elections needs to be transparent since city council members to local judges to mayors, and state legislators are all appointed through voting in the United States. The premier controls the civil bureaucracy, The party general secretary runs the economy. Today he is the CEO of PAG, a $40 billion private equity firm based in Hong Kong. These are the reforms China is makingand they need to be understood on their own terms, not simply as a distorted or deficient version of a liberal model. The US is surrounded by Mexico, Canada, the Pacific Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. Shan: Despite initial blunders, China has handled the coronavirus pandemic well through strict lockdowns and mass testing. According to this view, economic growth and increasing prosperity will cause China to move toward a more liberal model for both its economy and its politics, as did those countries. In 2020, a year of severe difficulties all over the world, there was no significant increase in Chinese corporate defaults. And what if the market itself is in China? The geographic location factor is important since it dictates how well a country can be accessed to do business with and both China and United States have good locations since they are connected to water bodies. Simmons-Harris Comparative Politics Constitutional Powers Successful Pressure Groups UK and US Constitution Foundations of American Democracy Amendments After the Bill of Rights Articles of Confederation Brutus Papers Checks and Balances Commerce Clause Concurrent Powers Confederation Constitutional Amendment Process Contract with America Land use is the most direct manifestation of human activities, accompanied by changes in land cover. Considering that China adopted the system of the dynamic market much later than other nations, it has done remarkably well to have such a positive impact on its economy. This shared quest for predictability explains the continuing attractiveness of an authoritarian system in which control is the central tenet. China uses its particular authoritarian modeland its presumed legitimacyto build trust with its population in ways that would be considered highly intrusive in a liberal democracy. Some real differences between the two countries do exist, but they have historically managed them without escalating tensions. Americans focus on speed and efficiency and will hurry to get things done quickly. That means that despite the trade war, the technology war, and the capital warthe U.S. governments restricting American investment in ChinaChinas GDP will most likely be 10% bigger in 2022 than it was in 2019, whereas the U.S. economy probably will only recover to 2019 levels by 2022, according to the International Monetary Fund. This is a belief alien to many Western business executives, especially if theyve had experience with other authoritarian regimes. Political discourse in China remains anchored in Marxist-Leninist ideas of struggle (douzheng) and contradiction (maodun)both seen as attributes that force a necessary and even healthy confrontation that can help achieve a victorious outcome. Federal and state governments wrangled and blamed each other over the pandemic response, exposing public discontent with the efficacy and legitimacy of the government, as well as the internal strife in society. It is important to understand the background of the. The real danger is the Taiwan issue. As the situation worsened, Trump had to rise and respond, only to find more problems revealing themselves hundreds of thousands of confirmed cases of infections awaiting treatment, medical equipment in short supply, the fatal consequences of the hollowing out U.S. industries. These similarities are real, but they are manifestations of the wealth and personal aspirations of Chinas newly affluent middle class, and they in no way negate the very real differences between the political systems of China and the West. As the author Yuval Noah Harari has pointed out, liberalism has had few competitors since the end of the Cold War, when both fascism and communism appeared defeated. Familiarity with Leninist doctrine is still important for getting ahead. And believing that Chinas economic growth would have to be built on the same foundations as those in the West, many failed to envisage the Chinese states continuing role as investor, regulator, and intellectual property owner. Some of these challenges are brought about by differences in legal, political and economic systems of different countries. He was born in China, and his life was upended during the Cultural Revolution, when he was sent off to do farm labor in the Gobi Desert. If China were concerned only with economic outcomes, it would welcome foreign businesses and investors and, provided they helped deliver economic growth, would treat them as equal partners, agnostic as to who owned the IP or the majority stake in a joint venture. Ideological competition between China and the U.S. in recent years comes in three basic models: The nationalist hegemony model that ultimately serves U.S. hegemonistic purposes in the international community. China is also Apples biggest market for iPhones: It has about twice as many iPhone users as the United States does. Worse, the U.S. has displayed an institutional helplessness in the face of such fundamental problems. Leninism, however, is essentially a political doctrine; its primary aim is control. Much of Donald Trumps rhetoric and his actions on China were meant to deflect attention from his leadership failures at home, such as neglecting his duty to protect the public from the coronavirus. Hill, C. (2017). Is your time best spent reading someone elses essay? Not blaming China means indirectly acknowledging U.S. shortcomings, which could be explosive in U.S. partisan politics. The United States had maintained a fairly consistent foreign policy until Trump. 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