Founded in 1942 by the civil rights leader James Farmer, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) sought to end discrimination and improve race relations through direct action. Though the lofty ideals of the Revolutionary era invigorated the movement, by the late 1780s it was in decline, as the growing southern cotton industry made slavery an ever more vital part of the national economy. What effect did vagrancy laws have on African Americans? -Andrew Carnegie, 1889 What happened after the 15th amendment was passed? Based on the account of Mrs. Berger, the transcontinental railroads.. Why would it be important for railroads to use strong management techniques? Parks refused and was arrested for violating the citys racial segregation ordinances, which mandated that Black passengers sit in the back of public buses and give up their seats for white riders if the front seats were full. As a result, the price of enslaved people was dropping, and the continued growth of slavery seemed in doubt. The couple was then given a choice: spend 25 years in prison or leave Virginia. In the 1920s, the great migration of Black Americans from the rural South to the urban North sparked an African American cultural renaissance that took its name from the New York City neighborhood of Harlem but became a widespread movement in cities throughout the North and West. D)started getting paid by planters. These hard workers rode alongside the huge herds in good and bad weather. Born in Jamaica, the Black nationalist leader Marcus Garvey founded his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) there in 1914; two years later, he brought it to the United States. Explain why Lincoln's assassination put the future of the nation in question. International outrage over the crime and the verdict helped fuel the civil rights movement: just three months after Emmett Tills body was found, and a month after a Mississippi grand jury refused to indict Milam and Bryant on kidnapping charges, a citywide bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama would begin the movement in earnest. On the night of October 16, 1859, he led a small band of less than 50 men in a raid against the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Based on the text on the banners, which workers' issue most likely prompted this protest demonstration? Ranching is the practice of raising herds of animals on large tracts of land. The railroad companies themselves employed thousands of workers. In 1949, he testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee to discuss the appeal of Communism to Black Americans, surprising them with a ferocious condemnation of the racial discrimination embodied by the Jim Crow segregation laws of the South: The white public should start toward real understanding by appreciating that every single Negro who is worth his salt is going to resent any kind of slurs and discrimination because of his race, and hes going to use every bit of intelligenceto stop it. C? C. They increased an owners control over enslaved African, A. On March 21, after a U.S. district court ordered Alabama to permit the Selma-Montgomery march, some 2,000 marchers set out on the three-day journey, this time protected by U.S. Army troops and Alabama National Guard forces under federal control. Kings death opened a huge rift between white and Black Americans, as many Black people saw the killing as a rejection of their vigorous pursuit of equality through the nonviolent resistance he had championed. Ranchers commonly raise grazing animals such as cattle and sheep.Some ranchers also raise elk, bison, ostriches, emus, and alpacas.The ranching and livestock industry is growing faster than any other agricultural sector in the world. Authorities later estimated the total damage at around $1 billion. . Groups of Lakota left reservations after the banning of the Ghost Dance, and soldiers killed many of them at Wounded Knee. They kept the cattle moving and rounded up strays. Though many protesters were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace, their actions made an immediate impact, forcing Woolworthsamong other establishmentsto change their segregationist policies. These hard workers rode alongside the huge herds in good and bad weather. After a massive FBI investigation (codenamed Mississippi Burning) their bodies were discovered on August 4 buried in an earthen dam near Philadelphia, in Neshoba County, Mississippi. The American Federation of Labor differed from the Knights of Labor in that it. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The years immediately following the construction of the transcontinental railroad were years of astounding growth for the United States. First established in Chicago, the NAACP had expanded to more than 400 locations by 1921. Our greatest trouble has always been caused by extremists who, without shadow of authority, attempted to voice the sentiments of this Order; and from this day forward I am determined that no sniveling anarchist will speak for me, and if he attempts it under shadow of this organization, then he or I must leave the Order, for I will not attempt to guide the affairs of a society that is so lacking in manhood as to allow the very worst element of the community to make use of the prestige it has gained to promote the vilest of schemes against society. (1 point) A) During the Civil War, many African Americans went west to work on railroads. When Meredith arrived at Ole Miss under the protection of federal forces including U.S. marshals, a mob of more than 2,000 people formed on the Oxford, Mississippi campus. c. White males who, A. It was left to Lyndon Johnson (not previously known for his support of civil rights) to push the Civil Rights Actthe most far-reaching act of legislation supporting racial equality in American historythrough Congress in June 1964. . Which innovation does the photograph illustrate? C. In this excerpt, Terence Powderly is trying to separate the Knights of Labor from the actions of anarchists in, In the text, you read this about the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union: Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? They laid tracks, built trestles across rivers, carved tunnels through mountains, and built countless railroad stations. the defeat of American Indian peoples by United States troops, Some American Indian people on the Great Plains lived in buildings like those shown here because. The early abolition movement in North America was fueled both by enslaved people's efforts to liberate themselves and by groups of white settlers, such as the Quakers, who opposed slavery on religious or moral grounds. A. only in confederate territory There is a well-documented, persistent, and growing racial wealth gap between African American families and white families in the United States. Dozens of other players in the NFL and beyond followed suit. Many were recent immigrants. Their only hope, according to him, was to flee America and return to Africa to build a country of their own. The First Challenge: The Family Unit. The brutal scene was captured on television, enraging many Americans and drawing civil rights and religious leaders of all faiths to Selma in protest. Why would it be important for railroads to use strong management techniques? Found guilty, King immediately appealed the decision. In March 1991, officers with the California Highway Patrol attempted to pull an African American man named Rodney King over for speeding on a Los Angeles freeway. Which of the following contributed MOST to the growth of the Cattle Kingdom? The accused killer, a white man named James Earl Ray, was captured and tried immediately; he entered a guilty plea and was sentenced to 99 years in prison; no testimony was heard. Yes. Those effortsincluding a nationwide protest of D.W. Griffiths silent film Birth of a Nation (1915), which glorified white supremacy and the Ku Klux Klanwould continue into the 1920s, playing a crucial role in drastically reducing the number of lynchings carried out in the United States. A series of deaths of Black Americans at the hands of police officers continued to spark outrage and protests, including Eric Garner in New York City, Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, Tamir Rice in Cleveland Ohio and Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland. C.in the border states of maryland missouri Kentucky and West Virginia The church bombing was the third in 11 days after the federal government had ordered the integration of Alabamas school system. The wars first African American hero emerged from the attack on Pearl Harbor, when Dorie Miller, a young Navy steward on the U.S.S. The Black Lives Matter movement gained renewed attention on September 25, 2016, when San Francisco 49ers players Eric Reid, Eli Harold, and quarterback Colin Kaepernick kneeled during the national anthem before the game against the Seattle Seahawks to draw attention to recent acts of police brutality. US Representative Shirley Chisholm of Brooklyn announces her entry for Democratic nomination for the presidency, at the Concord Baptist Church in Brooklyn, New York on January 25, 1972. Which practice does Roosevelt advocate in the excerpt? Thank God Almighty, we are free at last! Between 1860 and 1890, the miles of railroad track interlacing the U.S. increased ninefoldfrom 30,000 miles to 270,000 miles, and the population leapt from 31,000,000 to over 76,000,000 people. High out-of-wedlock birth rates, absent fathers, and the lack of a family support network for many young African-Americans have led to serious problems in America's urban areas. Born in rural Mississippi to a poor unwed teenage mother, Winfrey got her start in television news before taking over a morning talk show in Chicago in 1984. Bush. He ran again in 1988 and received 6.6 million votes, or 24 percent of the total primary vote, winning seven states and finishing second behind the eventual Democratic nominee, Michael Dukakis. READ MORE:Voting Rights in the United States: Timeline. The American Federation of Labor differed from the Knights of Labor in that it. to encourage Native Americans to adopt the ways of Americans. Hunters could chase herds to hunt individual buffalo. He resigned after Bushs reelection in 2004. After assisting in the Underground Railroad out of Missouri and engaging in the bloody struggle between pro- and anti-slavery forces in Kansas in the 1850s, Brown grew anxious to strike a more extreme blow for the cause. Powell sought to build international support for the controversial U.S invasion of Iraq in 2003, delivering a divisive speech to the United Nations regarding that countrys possession of weapons material that was later revealed to be based on faulty intelligence. While Washington and Carver represented a philosophy of accommodation to white supremacy, another prominent Black educator, the Harvard-trained historian and sociologist W.E.B. On February 21, 1965, during a speaking engagement in Harlem, three members of the NOI rushed the stage and shot Malcolm some 15 times at close range. Lasting roughly from the 1910s through the mid-1930s, the period is read more, The New York City neighborhood of Harlem was the center of a cultural explosionfrom late 1910s through the mid-1930s. How did the Radical Republican Reconstruction plan affect life in South Carolina? In 1926, a controversial bestseller about Harlem life by the white novelist Carl von Vechten exemplified the attitude of many white urban sophisticates, who looked to Black culture as a window into a more primitive and vital way of life. Harris' election represented another advance in the slow but steady progress Black Americans have made in recent decades in gaining a greater foothold in political leadership, particularly in the U.S. House of Representatives and in the Cabinets of recent presidents. In more than 100 cities, several days of riots, burning and looting followed his death. More than 3 million Black Americans would register for service during the war, with some 500,000 seeing action overseas. Charismatic and eloquent, Malcolm X soon became an influential leader of the NOI, which combined Islam with Black nationalism and sought to encourage disadvantaged young Black people searching for confidence in segregated America. -J.P. Morgan Our greatest trouble has always been caused by extremists who, without shadow of authority, attempted to voice the sentiments of this Order; and from this day forward I am determined that no sniveling anarchist will speak for me, and if he attempts it under shadow of this organization, then he or I must leave the Order, for I will not attempt to guide the affairs of a society that is so lacking in manhood as to allow the very worst element of the community to make use of the prestige it has gained to promote the vilest of schemes against society. (Credit: Francis Miller/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images), Francis Miller / The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images. More than 20,000 women and men in the ILGWU walked off their jobs in 1909. All four officers involved in the incident were fired. After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. Amidst the civil rights movement, ACLU lawyers Bernard S. Cohen and Philip J. Hirschkop decided to take on the couples case. Robinson played his first game with the Dodgers on April 15, 1947; he led the National League in stolen bases that season, earning Rookie of the Year honors. What event in the history of the West in the late 1800s prompted Chief Joseph to give his famous speech? The next year, two of the four LAPD officers involved in the beating were retried and convicted in a federal court for violating Kings civil rights; he eventually received $3.8 million from the city in a settlement. Aside from celebrated accomplishments like these, overall gains were slow, and maintaining high morale among black forces was difficult due to the continued discrimination they faced. After the Civil War, veterans of the Confederate Army made up the majority of the cowhands who worked in Texas. While in jail, King wrote a letter to local white ministers justifying his decision not to call off the demonstrations in the face of continued bloodshed at the hands of local law enforcement officials, led by Birminghams police commissioner, Eugene Bull Connor. to ensure a complex business ran smoothly. Many western territories began to apply for statehood between the 1860s and 1900. READ MORE: How Jesse Jackson's Rainbow Coalition Championed Diversity. After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. Floyd had been accused of using a counterfeit $20 bill at a local deli in Minneapolis. B. Oliver Brown, the lead plaintiff in the case, was one of almost 200 people from five different states who had joined related NAACP cases brought before the Supreme Court since 1938. Later, SNCC would mount an organized resistance to the Vietnam War. The Southern Pacific Railroad contributed to the growth of cities including San Francisco and Los Angeles. a new treaty agreement that relocated the Plains Indians to reservations in Oklahoma. In the passage Gompers explains the need for. A wave of race riotsparticularly one in Springfield, Illinois in 1908lent a sense of urgency to the Niagara Movement and its supporters, who in 1909 joined their agenda with that of a new permanent civil rights organization, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Commanded by Brigadier General Alfred H. Terry, Custer's division was part of an expedition [mission] intended to locate and rout [defeat] tribes organized for resistance under Chief Sitting Bull. As his success and fame grew, Robinson began speaking out publicly for Black equality. The decision was also difficult to enforce, a fact that became increasingly clear in May 1955 when the Court remanded the case to the courts of origin due to their proximity to local conditions and urged a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance. Though some southern schools moved towards integration relatively without incident, in other casesnotably in Arkansas and Alabamaenforcing Brown would require federal intervention. King, who was on probation for robbery and had been drinking, led them on a high-speed chase, and by the time the patrolmen caught up to his car, several officers of the Los Angeles Police Department were on the scene. What caused many boomtowns to turn into ghost towns? Whose innovation is evident in this 1881 illustration? The laws gave African Americans land or farms. The practice of collective bargaining became more common. Over the next years, however, there was little decrease in housing segregation, and violence arose from Black efforts to seek housing in white neighborhoods. The railroads provided jobs for settlers. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? In early 1965, Martin Luther King Jr.s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) made Selma, Alabama, the focus of its efforts to register Black voters in the South. What best accounts for the number of southern votes cast for Johnson's impeachment? In October 1967, an all-white jury found seven of the defendants guilty and acquitted the other nine. It allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor who could vote in 1867. New methods were found to prevent African Americans from voting. They laid tracks, built trestles across rivers, carved tunnels through mountains, and built countless railroad stations. Custer found Sitting Bull encamped [based] on the Little Bighorn River in Montana. The quotation supports Morgan's practice of. What event or characteristic of the Industrial Revolution does this painting illustrate? It allowed meat to be shipped long distances. Which innovation does the photograph illustrate? In the years immediately following the Revolutionary War, the rural Souththe region where slavery had taken the strongest hold in North Americafaced an economic crisis. President Theodore Roosevelt, 1901 Choose the verb in parentheses that agrees with the subject, and write it in the blank. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills and have no blankets, no food. Which of the following contributed most to this process towards statehood? Davis, claiming that his grades and test scores were higher than those of minority students who were admitted and accusing UC Davis of reverse discrimination. In June 1978, in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the use of strict racial quotas was unconstitutional and that Bakke should be admitted; on the other hand, it held that institutions of higher education could rightfully use race as a criterion in admissions decisions in order to ensure diversity. Which factor further reduced future opportunities for children at work before 1910? The case eventually made its way to the Supreme Court, where a majority of members decided on June 12, 1967, that laws banning interracial marriage were unconstitutional. As such, the ruling provoked serious resistance, including a Southern manifesto issued by southern congressmen denouncing it. Du Bois of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), criticized Garvey and his Back to Africa movement; he was openly contemptuous of them in return. to ensure a complex business ran smoothly. Why did miners in the West create groups of vigilantes? In February, an Alabama state trooper shot a young African American demonstrator in nearby Marion, and the SCLC announced a massive protest march from Selma to the state capital in Montgomery. The white protective societies that arose during this periodthe largest of which was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)sought to disenfranchise Black voters by using voter suppression and intimidation as well as more extreme violence. His invention of air brakes made railroad travel safer and faster. George Washington Carver, another formerly enslaved man and the head of Tuskegees agriculture department, helped liberate the South from its reliance on cotton by convincing farmers to plant peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes in order to rejuvenate the exhausted soil. Pew Research.The Path to Eric Garners death. They continued to work long hours for low pay. Despite the efforts of the ILGWU and other labor groups, most women with factory jobs did not join unions. After an appeal by the local congressman and mayor of Little Rock to stop the violence, President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the states National Guard and sent 1,000 members of the U.S. Armys 101st Airborne Division to enforce the integration of Central High School. Hoping to entrap Sitting Bull in the Little Big Horn area, Terry ordered Custer to follow the Rosebud River while he brought the majority of the men down the Yellowstone River. A former educational consultant and a founder of the National Womens Caucus, Chisholm became the first Black woman in Congress in 1968, when she was elected to the House from her Brooklyn district. How was the tragedy at Wounded Knee related to the Ghost Dance? What social trend caused the demand for beef to rise immediately following the Civil War? In 1868, many Lakota leaders agreed to a treaty that created a large reservation in the western half of present-day South Dakota. Based on the text on the banners, which workers' issue most likely prompted this protest demonstration? The term Black lives matter was first used by organizer Alicia Garza in a July 2013 Facebook post in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman, a Florida man who shot and killed unarmed 17-year-old Trayvon Martin on February 26, 2012. Which factor best accounts for the price change in the Model T automobile? Although railroads caused certain problems, they also made possible the rapid growth of industry after 1865. Based on this selection, which policy would the Populist Party be mostly likely to support? C - yes About four-in-ten (39%) who gave follow-up answers on why this was the case cite domestic concerns, topped by immigration and border issues, health care, racism and race-related issues, or guns and gun violence issues. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, as more explorers sought to colonize their land, Native Americans responded in various read more. Members of the St. Louis Cardinals even threatened to strike if Robinson played; baseball commissioner Ford Frick settled the question by threatening to suspend any player who went on strike. . Why would the loss of farms make it especially difficult for the Southern economy to recover? The case went to the Supreme Court, where Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and the majority eventually ruled that Scott was an enslaved person and not a citizen, and thus had no legal rights to sue. On February 23, 25-year-old Ahmaud Arbery was killed while out on a run after being followed by three white men in a pickup truck. Ranchers employed cowhands to tend their cattle and drive herds to market. There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunesUnder its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. In subsequent decisions over the next decades, the Court limited the scope of affirmative action programs, while several U.S. states prohibited racially based affirmative action. D.only in the north US under Union control Five days after the bloody Union victory at Antietam in September, he issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation; on January 1, 1863, he made it official that enslaved people within any State, or designated part of a State in rebellion, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free. Lincoln justified his decision as a wartime measure, and as such he did not go so far as to free enslaved people in the border states loyal to the Union, an omission that angered many abolitionists. The one was to consider myself as a manufacturer of dry plates and to perfect them as an end in itself. A - no By 1900, the unwritten color line barring Black players from white teams in professional baseball was strictly enforced. Taken from a much-copied minstrel routine written by a white actor who performed often in blackface, the name Jim Crow came to serve as a general derogatory term for African Americans in the post-Reconstruction South. A federal court struck down this act, and four of the nine students returned, under police protection, after the schools were reopened in 1959. What was one effect of the Haymarket Riot? What general principle was established with the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision? 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